A new technique of internal cardiac cooling improves atrial protection

We developed a technique for selectively cooling the right heart during cardioplegic arrest by intracavitary right atrial (RA) perfusion with cold blood. In dogs during hypothermic cardioplegic arrest, we compared the effects on myocardial temperature of RA perfusion and two snared caval cannulas with three methods of venous cannulation without perfusion: a two-stage atriocaval cannula, two caval cannulas and two snared caval cannulas. The mean atrioventricular (AV) node temperature with RA perfusion (16.5 degrees +/- 0.4 degrees C) was significantly lower than with the atriocaval cannula (25.1 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees C), two caval cannulas (25.2 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees C) or two snared caval cannulas (21.6 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees C) (p less than 0.01, RA perfusion versus other groups). The results for RA wall temperature showed a similar pattern. RA perfusion produced similar results in 6 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. We conclude that hypothermic protection of the right atrium and AV node is inadequate with conventional techniques of cannulation and cooling, and may be improved by the use of internal RA cooling.