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Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

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Published on: March 30, 2017

An integrated optical modulator operating at cryogenic temperatures.

Felix Eltes^1,2, Gerardo E Villarreal-Garcia³, Daniele Caimi⁴

¹IBM Research - Zurich, Rüschlikon, Switzerland. felix@lumiphase.com.

Nature Materials

|July 8, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Integrated barium titanate (BaTiO3) photonic circuits enable efficient electro-optic modulation at cryogenic temperatures. This breakthrough is crucial for advancing scalable quantum and cryogenic computing technologies.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optoelectronics
Quantum Technology

Background:

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are essential for quantum and cryogenic computing.
Current silicon PICs lack efficient electro-optic modulation at cryogenic temperatures.
This limits the scalability of cryogenic computing systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate electro-optic switching and modulation in PICs at cryogenic temperatures.
To investigate the cryogenic performance of barium titanate (BaTiO3) for photonic applications.
To develop a key component for cryogenic PICs.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of integrated barium titanate (BaTiO3) photonic devices.
Characterization of electro-optic properties from room temperature down to 4 K.
Measurement of Pockels coefficient, electro-optic bandwidth, and modulation speed.

Main Results:

Demonstrated electro-optic switching and modulation in BaTiO3 PICs down to 4 K.
Achieved an effective Pockels coefficient of 200 pm/V at 4 K.
Observed 30 GHz bandwidth, 20 Gbps data modulation, and ultra-low power tuning (10^9 times more efficient than thermal tuning).

Conclusions:

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) provides a viable solution for cryogenic electro-optic modulation in PICs.
This addresses a critical need for scalable quantum computing and cryogenic systems.
Enables seamless interfacing between cryogenic and room-temperature instrumentation.