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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.8K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
6.8K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.1K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

47.8K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
47.8K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

19.4K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
19.4K
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

5.1K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
5.1K
pV-Diagrams01:18

pV-Diagrams

5.9K
The pV diagram, which is a graph of pressure versus volume of the gas under study, is helpful in describing certain aspects of the substance. When the substance behaves like an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation describes the relationship between its pressure and volume. On a pV diagram, it is common to plot an isotherm, which is a curve showing p as a function of V with the number of molecules and the temperature fixed. Then, for an ideal gas, the product of the pressure of the gas and its...
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Reversible Pressure-Induced Partial Phase Transition in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus.

Anirban Kundu1,2, Damien Tristant3,4, Natalya Sheremetyeva4

  • 1Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Center, Sector 64, Phase 10, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India.

Nano Letters
|July 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Black phosphorus (BP) undergoes a reversible structural phase transition to blue phosphorus (bP) at ~4.2 GPa, confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. This discovery is key for developing robust microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) from BP under pressure.

Keywords:
Black Phosphorus (BP)Blue Phosphorus (bP)High-Pressure Raman SpectroscopyPartial Phase Transition

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Layered black phosphorus (BP) is a promising material for microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices.
  • Understanding its structural behavior under mechanical stress is crucial for harsh environment applications.
  • Previous studies lacked detailed insights into BP's high-pressure structural transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally identify and characterize structural transitions in black phosphorus under mechanical stress.
  • To investigate the reversibility of these phase transitions.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms using first-principles calculations.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze BP flakes.
  • Analysis focused on the shifts of in-plane characteristic Raman modes (B2g and Ag2).
  • First-principles calculations were performed to model BP's behavior under pressure.

Main Results:

  • A structural phase transition from orthorhombic to rhombohedral symmetry (blue phosphorus, bP) was observed at approximately 4.2 GPa.
  • The transition was identified by a blueshift-to-redshift change in Raman modes with increasing pressure.
  • The phase transition was found to be reversible, with vibrational frequencies recovering upon pressure release.

Conclusions:

  • Black phosphorus exhibits a reversible structural phase transition to blue phosphorus under high pressure.
  • This transition is driven by mechanical stress and involves a change in crystal symmetry.
  • The findings provide critical data for the design of BP-based MEMS devices operating under demanding conditions.