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Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
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Prior Expectations of Motion Direction Modulate Early Sensory Processing.

Fraser Aitken1, Georgia Turner2, Peter Kok2

  • 1Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom f.aitken@ucl.ac.uk.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
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PubMed
Summary

Prior expectations influence perception early in the process. Auditory cues predicted visual motion direction, biasing perception and modulating neural activity (magnetoencephalography) within 150 ms, indicating early sensory integration.

Keywords:
magnetoencephalographyperceptual inferencepredictionsensory processingtop down modulationvisual perception

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Perception Research
  • Sensory Integration

Background:

  • Perception involves integrating sensory input with prior expectations.
  • The timing of expectation integration in perception remains debated: early sensory biasing versus later decision-making stages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal dynamics of expectation integration in visual perception.
  • To determine whether expectations influence early sensory processing or later decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Auditory cues predicted visual motion direction in human participants.
  • Neural activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG).
  • Inverted encoding models decoded sensory representations from MEG signals.

Main Results:

  • Perceptual reports were biased toward the predicted motion direction.
  • Neural representations in MEG signals were modulated by cues as early as 150 ms post-stimulus onset.
  • Stronger perceptual bias correlated with stronger neural modulation of predicted direction.

Conclusions:

  • Expectations significantly modulate early sensory representations in visual perception.
  • This modulation occurs earlier than previously suggested for postperceptual decision-making.
  • Prestimulus cortical states may influence sensory processing and perception.