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Related Concept Videos

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
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Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Do COVID-19 and SARS Gene Complexities and Variations Help Overcome the Knowledge Gap?

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  • 1Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA.

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A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is highly infectious due to a lack of human immunity. Understanding genetic variations in COVID-19 patients is crucial for developing effective vaccines and treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel pathogen causing global fear due to its high infectivity and lack of pre-existing human immunity.
  • Human coronaviruses, known since the 1960s, commonly cause respiratory and intestinal illnesses, but developing effective vaccines and cures remains challenging.
  • The delayed onset of symptoms allows coronaviruses to replicate, causing significant harm before detection, highlighting the need for rapid diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of human gene variations in susceptibility and response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To explore how genetic factors influence individual outcomes in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • To leverage genetic insights for the development of targeted vaccines and more effective treatments for COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genetic variations in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2.
  • Comparative study of immune responses across different genetic profiles.
  • Correlation of specific gene expressions with COVID-19 severity and progression.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific gene variations associated with increased risk or protection against COVID-19.
  • Understanding how genetic factors modulate the human immune system's response to SARS-CoV-2.
  • Evidence suggesting a link between host genetics and disease severity.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic variations play a significant role in determining individual susceptibility and response to SARS-CoV-2.
  • Knowledge of host-pathogen genetic interactions is essential for advancing vaccine development and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
  • Further research into human genetics will enhance our ability to combat novel coronavirus infections effectively.