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Updated: Dec 15, 2025
Author Spotlight: Investigating Angiogenesis and Vessel Permeability Through a Modified Matrix Gel Plug Assay
Published on: June 30, 2023
4-Hexylresorcinol-in duced angiogenesis potential in human endothelial cells
Min-Keun Kim1, Seong-Gon Kim1, Suk Keun Lee2
1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, and Institute of Oral Science, 123 Chibyun-dong, Gangneung, 210-702 Republic of Korea.
Background:
4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) is able to increase angiogenesis. However, its molecular mechanism in the human endothelial cells has not been clarified.
Methods:
As endothelial cells are important in angiogenesis, we treated the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with 4HR and investigated protein expressional changes by immunoprecipitation high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) using 96 antisera.
Results:
Here, we found that 4HR upregulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, RAF-B/ERK and p38 signaling, and M2 macrophage polarization pathways. 4HR also increased expression of caspases and subsequent cellular apoptosis. Mechanistically, 4HR increased TGF-β1 production and subsequent activation of SMADs/VEGFs, RAF-B/ERK and p38 signaling, and M2 macrophage polarization.
Conclusion:
Collectively, 4HR activates TGF-β/SMAD/VEGF signaling in endothelial cells and induced vascular regeneration and remodeling for wound healing.
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