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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.

Sonata Jodele1,2, Jörg Köhl2,3,4

  • 1Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

British Journal of Pharmacology
|July 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system, activated by SARS-CoV-2, contributes to severe COVID-19 through inflammation and clotting. Targeting complement may reduce mortality in high-risk populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • The complement system, a key innate immunity component, recognizes coronaviruses via mannan-binding lectin (MBL), activating the lectin pathway.
  • Activation generates anaphylatoxins (ATs) C3a and C5a, implicated in COVID-19 pathogenesis, particularly severe cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of complement activation in severe COVID-19.
  • To discuss complement's regulation, immune crosstalk, and therapeutic targeting strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on complement system activation in COVID-19.
  • Analysis of complement's role in thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and multi-organ injury.
  • Examination of genetic factors influencing complement activity and disease severity.

Main Results:

  • Complement deposition and elevated C5a levels correlate with severe COVID-19 and TMA.
  • Specific complement regulator gene variants increase severe TMA risk in African-Americans.
  • High SARS-CoV-2 mortality in African-Americans may be linked to complement-mediated injury.

Conclusions:

  • Complement activation is a significant driver of severe COVID-19 pathology, including TMA.
  • Understanding complement's role, especially in genetically susceptible populations, is crucial.
  • Targeting the complement system offers potential therapeutic avenues to mitigate COVID-19 severity and mortality.