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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
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Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering
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Injectable In Situ Forming Depot Systems for Long-Acting Contraception.

Dileep R Janagam1, Suryatheja Ananthula1, Kamaljit Chaudhry1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.

Advanced Biosystems
|July 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

New injectable long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) use tiny needles for easy administration. These systems provide sustained release of levonorgestrel for over 7 months, ensuring effective contraception and a predictable return to fertility.

Keywords:
biodegradable polymersinjectable in situ forming depotslevonorgestrellong-acting contraceptionsustained release

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Current long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) often require larger needles for injection.
  • There is a need for LARCs with extended duration of action beyond 3 months and improved injectability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop injectable polymeric in situ forming depot (ISD) systems for long-acting reversible contraception.
  • To achieve sustained release of levonorgestrel (LNG) for at least 7 months using fine-gauge needles (21-23 G).

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(lactic acid) polymers in solvent mixtures.
  • Subcutaneous injection of ISD systems in rats for in vitro and in vivo release studies.
  • Monitoring of estrous cycle suppression and plasma LNG concentrations.
  • Assessment of fertility return after treatment cessation.

Main Results:

  • ISD systems demonstrated sustained release of LNG for over 7 months in vitro and in vivo.
  • Effective suppression of the estrous cycle in rats was achieved at plasma LNG concentrations above 0.35 ng mL⁻¹.
  • Fertility was predictably restored in rats once plasma LNG levels became undetectable.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ISD systems are suitable for injection with needles as small as 21 G.
  • These injectable LARCs offer potential for long-term contraception with high patient compliance and low cost.
  • The systems show promise for future development into robust, user-friendly contraceptive products.