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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Urethra01:16

Urethra

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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

357
The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

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Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...
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Urinary tract infections in children.

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Urinary Antimicrobial Peptides and Cytokines as Biomarkers for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children and Adolescents.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction
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Roles for urothelium in normal and aberrant urinary tract development.

Ashley R Jackson1,2, Christina B Ching1,2,3, Kirk M McHugh1,2,4

  • 1Nephrology and Urology Research Affinity Group, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.

Nature Reviews. Urology
|July 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUTs) are a major cause of pediatric kidney disease. The urothelium plays a key role in urinary tract development and may offer diagnostic biomarkers for CAKUTs.

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A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling
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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUTs) are the primary cause of chronic kidney disease in children.
  • The urothelium, the inner lining of the urinary tract, is increasingly recognized for its crucial role in CAKUT development.
  • Abnormal urothelial development is linked to the origin of CAKUTs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the urothelium in urinary tract development and CAKUT pathogenesis.
  • To investigate how urothelial remodeling affects kidney injury in congenital urinary tract obstruction.
  • To assess the diagnostic potential of urothelium-derived biomarkers and radiological findings in CAKUT patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on urothelial function in urinary tract development.
  • Analysis of studies on urothelial response to congenital urinary tract obstruction.
  • Evaluation of radiological and urinary biomarker data in CAKUT cases.

Main Results:

  • The urothelium is essential for proper urinary tract patterning.
  • Urothelial remodeling following obstruction helps stabilize the kidney and mitigate damage.
  • Urothelial biomarkers and imaging show promise for CAKUT diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • The urothelium is a critical factor in the development and progression of CAKUTs.
  • Targeting urothelial pathways may offer therapeutic strategies.
  • Urothelium-based diagnostics could improve clinical management of CAKUTs.