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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

2.5K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
2.5K
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

559
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
559
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

194
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
194
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

596
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
596
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

140
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
140
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

345
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
345

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction-a Concise Review.

Daria M Adamczak1, Mary-Tiffany Oduah2, Thomas Kiebalo2

  • 1Ist Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga Street ½, 61-848, Poznan, Poland. daria.m.adamczak@gmail.com.

Current Cardiology Reports
|July 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) significantly impacts quality of life, comparable to reduced ejection fraction heart failure. Understanding HFpEF

Keywords:
Diastolic dysfunctionHFpEFHeart failureHeart failure with preserved ejection fractionPreserved left ventricular function

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly recognized for its growing patient numbers and clinical significance.
  • Contrary to previous views, HFpEF symptoms and quality of life impacts are severe, comparable to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
  • The complexity of HFpEF is now understood to be greater than previously appreciated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize current knowledge on the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and potential therapeutic options for HFpEF.
  • To highlight the evolving understanding of HFpEF as a complex, heterogeneous syndrome.
  • To underscore the need for further research into HFpEF pathogenesis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
  • Synthesis of information regarding HFpEF etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis.
  • Exploration of potential therapeutic strategies based on current understanding.

Main Results:

  • HFpEF is a heterogeneous syndrome with diverse underlying pathologies.
  • Key pathogenic factors include systemic inflammation, microvascular damage, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and fibrosis.
  • Validated tools like the H₂FPEF score aid in risk assessment for subclinical HFpEF.
  • Currently, no evidence-based pharmacotherapy exists for HFpEF, leading to high mortality and morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of HFpEF's etiological factors and disease phenotypes is crucial.
  • The impact of comorbidities on HFpEF pathogenesis requires further investigation.
  • Machine learning algorithms may offer novel approaches for developing future therapeutic strategies for HFpEF.