Cow milk exosomes activate NK cells and γδT cells in human PBMCs in vitro

Cow milk is a nourishing food containing numerous essential nutrients. In Japan, the consumption of cow milk is thought to enhance resistance to exhaustion-related diseases. Although several nutrients in cow milk, such as lactoferrin, are thought to modulate immune cells, the mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, the immunoregulatory functions of food-derived microRNAs or exosomes have been reported. Therefore, we studied the effects of exosomes derived from cow milk (CM-Exs) on immune cells in the present study. We obtained blood samples from healthy adult donors with the approval of the ethics committee. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with CM-Exs in the absence or presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-12. Cell surface markers and intracellular cytokine production were analysed by flow cytometry. CM-Ex stimulation enhanced the expression of CD69 on NK cells. Although CM-Ex stimulation alone did not induce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by NK cells or γδT cells, simultaneous stimulation with CM-Ex, IL-2 and IL-12 significantly enhanced IFN-γ production. In conclusion, cow milk consumption alone may not activate immune cells; however, CM-Exs could enhance immune cells under inflammatory conditions.