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Related Concept Videos

Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Carbohydrate Catabolism01:30

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Carbohydrate catabolism is a fundamental process in cellular metabolism that enables energy extraction from glucose through two primary pathways: cellular respiration and fermentation. Both pathways begin with glycolysis, which operates independently of oxygen availability.Glycolysis: A Shared Starting PointGlycolysis is an oxygen-independent process that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules is...
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Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules01:10

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Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
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Genetic Engineering of an Unconventional Yeast for Renewable Biofuel and Biochemical Production
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Alternative carbohydrate pathways - enzymes, functions and engineering.

Dominik Kopp1, Anwar Sunna1,2

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Metabolic engineering utilizes central carbon metabolism (CCM) pathways like Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) for producing valuable compounds. This review compares EMP and ED pathways, exploring alternative strategies for metabolic engineering applications.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering
  • Microbial Physiology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Central carbon metabolism (CCM) is vital for converting biomass into cellular components in heterotrophs.
  • The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathways are key carbohydrate catabolic routes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • While EMP is common in production strains, ED and its variations offer unique properties for metabolic design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathways, including their variations.
  • To discuss the application of alternative carbohydrate pathway strategies in metabolic engineering.
  • To highlight the potential of the ED pathway for novel metabolic designs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on EMP and ED pathways.
  • Analysis of the biochemical and energetic differences between EMP and ED pathways.
  • Discussion of case studies where ED pathway components were used for metabolic engineering.

Main Results:

  • The ED pathway differs from EMP in protein cost, energetics, and thermodynamics, offering distinct advantages for metabolic engineering.
  • ED pathway enzymes and modules have been successfully implemented to modify carbon metabolism in production strains.
  • Alternative pathway strategies, including ED, can be applied both in vivo and in cell-free systems.

Conclusions:

  • The ED pathway presents a valuable alternative to EMP for metabolic engineering, enabling unique metabolic designs.
  • Understanding the differences between EMP and ED is crucial for optimizing production strains.
  • Further exploration of alternative pathways can unlock new possibilities in metabolic engineering for sustainable production.