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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Working memory load dissociates contingency learning and item-specific proportion-congruent effects.

Giacomo Spinelli1, Kesheni Krishna1, Jason R Perry1

  • 1Department of Psychology.

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The item-specific proportion-congruent effect in the Stroop task is not due to contingency learning but reactive control. Working memory load did not impact this effect, suggesting it aids performance when resources are limited.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • The item-specific proportion-congruent effect in the Stroop task shows larger interference for mostly-congruent items.
  • This effect may stem from conflict adaptation or stimulus-response contingency learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether contingency learning, under working memory (WM) load, explains the item-specific proportion-congruent effect.
  • To differentiate between contingency learning and reactive control as explanations for this Stroop effect.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed Stroop and nonconflict color identification tasks under varying working memory loads.
  • The study utilized a 2-item set design to emphasize contingency learning.

Main Results:

  • Working memory load modulated contingency learning in the nonconflict task.
  • However, working memory load did not affect the item-specific proportion-congruent effect in the Stroop task.

Conclusions:

  • The item-specific proportion-congruent effect is not solely a byproduct of contingency learning.
  • This effect appears to be a manifestation of reactive control, beneficial under conditions of scarce working memory resources.