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Quality of Water

Quality of Water

In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...

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Updated: Dec 15, 2025

A Duplex Digital PCR Assay for Simultaneous Quantification of the Enterococcus spp. and the Human Fecal-associated HF183 Marker in Waters

A Duplex Digital PCR Assay for Simultaneous Quantification of the Enterococcus spp. and the Human Fecal-associated HF183 Marker in Waters

Published on: March 9, 2016

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment as support for bathing waters profiling.

Ileana Federigi¹, Lucia Bonadonna², Giusy Bonanno Ferraro²

¹Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Marine Pollution Bulletin

|July 14, 2020

Summary

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) models help profile bathing waters for safety. Human Adenovirus posed the highest illness risk, with overall risks at 1 case per 10,000 exposures, highlighting the need for better contamination source analysis.

Keywords:

Bathing waters Fecal indicators Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA)Salmonella Vibrio Virus

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Published on: November 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Environmental microbiology
Public health
Risk assessment

Background:

WHO guidelines emphasize bathing water quality assessment.
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) is crucial for evaluating health risks.
European Bathing Water Directive revisions necessitate updated risk profiling.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an area-specific QMRA model for bathing waters.
To identify pathogens contributing most to illness risk.
To estimate risk-based threshold values for fecal indicators.

Main Methods:

Developed an area-specific QMRA model incorporating four key pathogens.
Utilized fecal indicator concentrations (E. coli, enterococci) to estimate pathogen loads.
Modeled cumulative risk against indicator concentrations to derive threshold values.

Main Results:

Human Adenovirus was the predominant cause of illness, followed by Salmonella, Vibrio, and Norovirus.
The median cumulative illness risk was approximately 1 case per 10,000 exposures.
Risk estimates were significantly influenced by the choice of fecal indicators.

Conclusions:

Source apportionment and local estimation of pathogen/indicator ratios are recommended for improved bathing water assessment.
Site-specific indicator thresholds based on risk assessment are proposed.
Further investigation into fecal contamination sources is warranted.