A review: Progress in the development of fish Vibrio spp. vaccines

During the past decades, Vibrio spp. infections have been a serious problem that causes fish blight and very large economic losses, especially in China, Japan, Europe, and North America. Hitra disease caused by Vibrio salmonicida and winter ulcer disease caused by Vibrio viscosus have seriously affected cultured salmon in Norway and Iceland. In Asia, Vibriosis has caused huge losses in cultured grass carp and turbot of Chinese and cultured eels of Japan. Antibiotics and other chemical agents are the most common methods currently to prevent and control diseases but they have led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and antibiotic residues. The vaccine is superior in high efficiency, safety, and convenience. It can also obtain greater economic benefits, which make it the most suitable method to control fish diseases. The most traditional method is inactivated vaccines with adjuvant, which is administered by intraperitoneal injection. With the development of molecular biology, a combination of specific pathogen components and new adjuvants can provide enhanced immune protection. This review provides the research progress of different types of Vibrio spp. vaccines, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and live vector vaccines.