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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of the Endothelial Glycocalyx with Atomic Force Microscopy
Published on: February 21, 2013
A review on the physiological and pathophysiological role of endothelial glycocalyx
Huan-Qiu Liu1, Ji Li1, Cheng-Luan Xuan1
1Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Abstract:
The glycocalyx is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells. It comprises of membrane-attached proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan chains, glycoproteins, and adherent plasma proteins. The glycocalyx maintains homeostasis of the vasculature, which includes controlling vascular permeability and microvascular tone, preventing microvascular thrombosis, and regulating leukocyte adhesion. In the past decades, the number of studies on endothelial glycocalyx has steadily grown. Glycocalyx emerged as an essential part of blood vessels involved in multiple physiological functions. Damage to glycocalyx is associated with many types of diseases. The structure and physiology and pathophysiology of the glycocalyx, as well as the clinical effects of glycocalyx degradation, are addressed throughout this study. We strive in particular to define therapeutic approaches for the survival or reparation of the glycocalyx.
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