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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow
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Chemokines and Bone.

Annette Gilchrist1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA. agilchrist@midwestern.edu.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|July 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemokines, proteins regulating cell movement, impact bone health by affecting bone cells and contributing to bone loss in inflammatory conditions. Research explores their dual role in bone formation and disease.

Keywords:
ChemokineChemokine receptorG-protein-coupled receptorHematopoietic stem cellMesenchymal stem cellOsteoblastOsteoclastOsteoimmunology

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Chemokines are small proteins crucial for cell signaling and migration.
  • They interact with G-protein-coupled receptors, influencing cell proliferation and survival.
  • Chemokines are classified into CXC and CC subfamilies based on structural features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the influence of CXC and CC chemokines on bone hemostasis.
  • To discuss the role of chemokines in bone loss associated with inflammatory diseases.
  • To explore the impact of chemokines on bone microenvironment, angiogenesis, and tumor invasion.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific evidence on chemokines and bone biology.
  • Analysis of chemokine subfamily actions on osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and progenitor cells.
  • Examination of chemokine involvement in inflammatory bone diseases and bone microenvironment alteration.

Main Results:

  • Chemokines exert both positive and negative effects on bone formation and bone loss.
  • Specific CXC and CC chemokines modulate the activity of bone cells.
  • Chemokines contribute to bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis, HIV, and periodontal infections.
  • Chemokines influence angiogenesis and tumor invasion, affecting the bone microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Chemokines play a significant role in regulating bone hemostasis and are implicated in bone pathologies.
  • Understanding chemokine functions offers potential therapeutic targets for bone diseases.
  • Few chemokine-targeting therapies for bone formation are currently available but are under evaluation.