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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
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Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE): A Historical Perspective.

Frank Würthner1

  • 1Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a phenomenon where molecules become more fluorescent when aggregated. Early 20th-century studies revealed AIE principles in dyes, predating the term and paving the way for modern bioimaging applications.

Keywords:
AIEaggregation-induced emissionbiomolecular probesdyes/pigmentssolid-state fluorescence

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a photophysical phenomenon of significant research interest.
  • Numerous reviews focus on AIE, but a broader historical perspective is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of AIE, highlighting early observations predating the coining of the term.
  • To connect historical findings with modern AIE luminogens and applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical scientific literature from the 20th century.
  • Analysis of early studies on fluorescence enhancement in dyes under specific environmental conditions.
  • Identification of molecular structures and phenomena relevant to current AIE research.

Main Results:

  • Early studies demonstrated fluorescence enhancement in dyes upon rigidification or J-aggregate formation.
  • Identified typical AIE luminogens like tetraphenylethylene (TPE), stilbenes, and cyanine dyes in historical contexts.
  • Showcased applications of cyanine dyes (e.g., thiazole orange) in nucleic acid research due to fluorescence enhancement via restricted intramolecular motion (RIM).

Conclusions:

  • The fundamental principles of AIE were observed and studied long before the term was established.
  • Historical examples provide crucial insights into the development of AIE luminogens and their applications in areas like bioimaging and sensing.