Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

14.5K
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
14.5K
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

8.2K
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
8.2K
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

2.7K
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
2.7K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.5K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.5K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

82.8K
Overview
82.8K
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

82.8K
Overview
82.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Persistent CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell hyporesponsiveness during recovery from prolonged symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Cellular immunology·2026
Same author

Serum proteomic atlas reveals distinct molecular signatures of lupus nephritis activity, chronicity, and treatment response.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Deep profiling of lupus nephritis kidneys reveals dynamic changes in myeloid cells associated with disease progression.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026
Same author

Clinical, Histologic, and Serological Predictors of Renal Function Loss in Lupus Nephritis.

Arthritis care & research·2026
Same author

Human hypofunctional NCF1 variant aggravates salivary gland immunopathology in Sjögren's disease by promoting switched memory B-cell recruitment and long-lived plasma cell differentiation.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026
Same author

A population-scale atlas of blood and tissue in lupus nephritis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

10.3K

Human C. difficile toxin-specific memory B cell repertoires encode poorly neutralizing antibodies.

Hemangi B Shah1, Kenneth Smith2, Edgar J Scott1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC).

JCI Insight
|July 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridioides difficile infection recurrence may stem from insufficient memory B cell responses. These cells produce antibodies with limited ability to neutralize the C. difficile toxin B (TcdB).

Keywords:
B cellsBacterial infectionsImmunologyInfectious diseaseMemory

More Related Videos

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

13.0K
Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-&#947; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle
15:57

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Published on: July 11, 2015

12.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 15, 2025

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

10.3K
Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

13.0K
Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-&#947; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle
15:57

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Published on: July 11, 2015

12.6K

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections, leading to significant illness and death.
  • Limited therapeutic options exist for C. difficile infections, and recurrence is common.
  • Clostridioides difficile toxin B (TcdB) is a key factor in disease pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of memory B cells in C. difficile infection recurrence.
  • To analyze the antibody genes encoded by TcdB-specific memory B cells.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of TcdB-specific memory B cells from patients with a history of C. difficile infection.
  • Single-cell deep sequencing of antibody genes from isolated memory B cells.
  • Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from sequenced genes.

Main Results:

  • TcdB-specific memory B cell antibodies exhibited somatic hypermutation but limited isotype class switching.
  • Generated mAbs showed low to moderate affinity for TcdB.
  • The antibodies demonstrated a limited capacity to neutralize TcdB in vitro.

Conclusions:

  • Memory B cell responses are insufficient in preventing C. difficile infection recurrence.
  • Deficiencies in antibody affinity and neutralization capacity contribute to disease relapse.
  • Targeting memory B cell function may offer new therapeutic strategies for C. difficile infections.