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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Domains01:18

Membrane Domains

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The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
Protein Domains
The membrane comprises a group of distinct proteins responsible for carrying out a cell's specific function. For example, the plasma membrane of the human sperm, or a single germ cell, contains a unique set of proteins in the...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with...
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Fluid Mosaic Model01:19

Fluid Mosaic Model

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Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

4.5K
Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Revisiting Membrane Microdomains and Phase Separation: A Viral Perspective.

Prabuddha Sengupta1, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz1

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.

Viruses
|July 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Retroviruses like HIV selectively incorporate host cell proteins and lipids into their viral membranes. This process, driven by lipid-based phase partitioning, is crucial for virus survival and infection.

Keywords:
HIV membranephase separationprotein sorting

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Retroviruses acquire specific host cell proteins and lipids during budding.
  • This specialized viral envelope is essential for viral infectivity and survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the mechanism of protein and lipid sorting into retroviral membranes.
  • To propose a model for HIV assembly site phase separation.

Main Methods:

  • Live cell imaging of single virus assembly.
  • Analysis of lipid and protein interactions during viral budding.

Main Results:

  • Proteins and lipids sort into HIV membranes via lipid-based phase partitioning.
  • Multimerizing HIV Gag induces a liquid-ordered lipid phase enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids.
  • Proteins with specific affinities partition into this lipid environment, enabling selective incorporation.

Conclusions:

  • HIV Gag induces phase separation at the viral assembly site through lipid acyl chain coupling and membrane curvature changes.
  • This phase-partitioning mechanism is likely conserved in other budding structures within cells.