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Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments
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Biomechanical correlates of sequential drinking behavior in aging.

Charles Cock1,2, Taher I Omari1,3, Carly M Burgstad2

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.

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|July 16, 2020
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Summary

Older adults take longer to complete the timed water swallow test (TWST) and swallow less volume per swallow. Some show biomechanical issues like upper esophageal sphincter restriction.

Keywords:
agingdeglutitionmanometryrapid drink challengetimed water swallow testupper esophageal sphincter

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Area of Science:

  • Deglutition biomechanics
  • Geriatric physiology

Background:

  • The timed water swallow test (TWST) assesses sequential swallowing speed and volume.
  • Understanding the biomechanics of TWST in different age groups is crucial for accurate assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biomechanical differences in performing the TWST between healthy young and older adults.
  • To identify potential age-related swallowing patterns and their physiological underpinnings.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution impedance manometry was used to measure swallowing biomechanics and bolus flow in 30 healthy volunteers (12 young, 18 older).
  • Participants ingested 150 mL of normal saline as quickly as comfortably possible.
  • Pressure-flow analysis was employed to compare swallowing characteristics between age groups.

Main Results:

  • Older participants (76±11 years) exhibited significantly longer TWST durations (21.2±2.5s vs 9.2±1.0s) and reduced volume per swallow (16.6±1.3mL vs 27.8±2.9mL) compared to younger adults (29±5 years).
  • Two distinct pharyngeal swallowing patterns were observed: a single rapid sequence (Pattern I) and multiple interrupted sequences (Pattern II).
  • Older adults with Pattern II showed evidence of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) restriction and impaired deglutitive inhibition, correlating with prolonged TWST duration.

Conclusions:

  • Healthy older adults demonstrate altered TWST performance, necessitating age-specific normative values.
  • Rapid sequential swallowing in older adults may be linked to UES restriction and impaired deglutitive inhibition, impacting swallowing efficiency.