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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
06:46

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Express saccades during a countermanding task.

Steven P Errington1, Jeffrey D Schall1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|July 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macaque monkeys unexpectedly produced very fast eye movements, called express saccades, even when conditions discouraged them. This behavior adapted to maximize rewards, showing cognitive control can strategically use these rapid responses.

Keywords:
cognitive controlforeperiodrewardtemporal predictability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Primate Behavior

Background:

  • Express saccades are rapid, visually guided eye movements with short latencies.
  • Typically, express saccades occur under specific stimulus conditions, like a gap before target appearance.
  • The saccade countermanding task is designed to suppress express saccade production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate express saccade production in macaque monkeys under the saccade countermanding task.
  • To understand the conditions under which express saccades are produced and their relation to reward.
  • To explore the role of cognitive control in strategically utilizing express saccades.

Main Methods:

  • Two macaque monkeys performed a saccade countermanding task with variable target presentation times.
  • Saccadic latencies were analyzed, focusing on multimodal distributions.
  • Simulations were used to explore the relationship between express saccade production and reward.

Main Results:

  • Monkeys produced express saccades (latency < 100 ms) alongside regular saccades (latency 200-600 ms) in the countermanding task.
  • Express saccade production was modulated by reward contingencies; they were produced when rewarded.
  • Temporal expectancies influenced regular saccade latencies but not express saccade latencies.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive control can adapt behavior to strategically produce express saccades for reward maximization.
  • Express saccades and regular saccades are mediated by distinct neural mechanisms.
  • This study reveals the flexibility of cognitive control in optimizing behavior through strategic use of rapid motor responses.