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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

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Rhupus: a systematic literature review.

Luca Antonini1, Brigitte Le Mauff2, Christian Marcelli3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|July 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Rhupus syndrome, a rare overlap of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), presents unique diagnostic and treatment challenges. This review synthesizes current knowledge on rhupus, aiming to clarify its characteristics and management strategies.

Keywords:
Lupus erosive arthritisOverlapRheumatoid arthritisRhupusRhupus syndromeSystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Rhupus syndrome is an underdiagnosed autoimmune condition featuring overlapping symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  • The condition often presents sequentially, with SLE manifestations typically being milder and dominated by hematological, skin, serosal, and renal involvement.
  • Rhupus arthritis follows an RA-like pattern, potentially leading to erosions, deformities, and disability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on rhupus syndrome.
  • To analyze clinical and laboratory data of reported rhupus patients.
  • To provide updated information on pathophysiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment options for rhupus.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of reported rhupus patients.
  • Analysis of clinical and laboratory data from existing studies.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of rhupus pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Heterogeneous inclusion criteria in past studies complicate analysis of rare rhupus cohorts.
  • Prevalence, pathophysiology, natural history, and immunological profiles of rhupus remain poorly described.
  • Current treatment strategies for rhupus are based on limited studies and clinical experience due to a lack of validated therapeutic approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Rhupus syndrome represents a significant overlap between RA and SLE, necessitating further research for clear definition and classification.
  • Improved understanding of rhupus pathophysiology and standardized diagnostic criteria are crucial.
  • Development of validated therapeutic strategies is essential for effective rhupus management.