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Related Concept Videos

Bonferroni Test01:10

Bonferroni Test

The Bonferroni test is a statistical test named after Carlo Emilio Bonferroni, an Italian mathematician best known for Bonferroni inequalities. This statistical test is a type of multiple comparison test to determine which means are different than the rest. Bonferroni test can minimize the Type 1 error by reducing the significance level alpha, which otherwise increases with sample pairs.
The means of different samples are first paired in all possible combinations.
The null hypothesis of the...
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial)
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A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial)

Published on: June 9, 2026

Get a second opinion: Comment on Bleidorn et al. (2019).

Robert R McCrae

    The American Psychologist
    |July 17, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Personality trait interventions require more than self-reports. Independent ratings are crucial for verifying genuine personality change, not just self-concept shifts.

    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Personality Science
    • Clinical Psychology

    Background:

    • Personality traits significantly influence life outcomes.
    • Treatment interventions targeting personality traits are increasingly considered.
    • Self-report questionnaires are commonly used to assess personality.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the sufficiency of self-report measures for assessing personality trait change.
    • To highlight the need for multimethod assessments in personality research.
    • To emphasize the distinction between self-concept and underlying personality traits.

    Main Methods:

    • Critically reviewed the reliance on self-report data in personality change studies.
    • Discussed the potential for self-concept alterations independent of true trait modification.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

    A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial)
    04:11

    A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial)

    Published on: June 9, 2026

  • Advocated for the inclusion of independent informant ratings.

    • Main Results:

    • Self-reports alone may not provide sufficient evidence of genuine personality trait change.
    • Changes in self-concept can occur without corresponding shifts in underlying personality traits.
    • Independent informant ratings offer crucial supplementary data.

    Conclusions:

    • Multimethod assessments, incorporating independent perspectives, are essential for robustly studying personality trait change.
    • Relying solely on self-reports can lead to inaccurate conclusions about intervention efficacy.
    • Future research on personality interventions must adopt more rigorous assessment strategies.