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Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Incorporating Target Protein Structure Flexibility and Dynamics in Computational Drug Discovery Using Ensemble-Based Docking Analysis
Published on: June 20, 2025
GWOVina: A grey wolf optimization approach to rigid and flexible receptor docking
Kin Meng Wong1, Hio Kuan Tai1, Shirley W I Siu1
1Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
None:
Protein-ligand docking programs are indispensable tools for predicting the binding pose of a ligand to the receptor protein. In this paper, we introduce an efficient flexible docking method, GWOVina, which is a variant of the Vina implementation using the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and random walk for the global search, and the Dunbrack rotamer library for side-chain sampling. The new method was validated for rigid and flexible-receptor docking using four independent datasets. In rigid docking, GWOVina showed comparable docking performance to Vina in terms of ligand pose RMSD, success rate, and affinity prediction. In flexible-receptor docking, GWOVina has improved success rate compared to Vina and AutoDockFR. It ran 2 to 7 times faster than Vina and 40 to 100 times faster than AutoDockFR. Therefore, GWOVina can play a role in solving the complex flexible-receptor docking cases and is suitable for virtual screening of compound libraries. GWOVina is freely available at https://cbbio.cis.um.edu.mo/software/gwovina for testing.
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