Structure and Stability of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles Used in the Field of Energetic Materials

Understanding the stabilization of nitrogen heterocycles is critical in the field of energetic materials and calls for innovative knowledge of nitrogen aromatics. Herewith, we report for the first time that nitrogen lone pair electron (NLPE) delocalization in five-membered nitrogen heterocycles creates a second σ-aromaticity in addition to the prototypical π-aromaticity. The NLPE delocalization and the attendant dual-aromaticity are enhanced as more carbon atoms in the ring are substituted by unsaturated nitrogen atoms. The presence of adjacent nitrogen atoms in the ring can enhance the aromaticity of the nitrogen heterocycles and improve in-crystal intermolecular binding strength but will decrease the firmness of the individual molecular architecture. Notably, such σ-aromaticity is not present in six-membered nitrogen heterocycles, probably due to the longer bonds and broader regions of their rings; therefore, six-membered heterocycles present overall lower aromaticity than five-membered heterocycles. This work brings new knowledge to nitrogen aromatics and is expected to inspire broad interest in the chemistry community.