Beyond resource limitation: an expanded test of the niche dimension hypothesis for multiple types of niche axes

The niche dimension hypothesis predicts that more species can coexist given a greater number of niche axes along which they partition the environment. Although this hypothesis has been broadly supported by nutrient enrichment experiments, its applicability to other ecological factors, such as natural enemies and abiotic stresses, has not been vigorously tested. Here, we examined the generality of the niche dimension hypothesis by experimentally manipulating both resource and non-resource niche dimensions-nitrogen limitation, pathogens and low-temperature stress-in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We found that decreases in niche dimensions led to a significant reduction in species richness, consistent with results from nutrient addition studies. However, different niche variables uniquely affected the plant communities. While nitrogen had largest effects on both community biomass and species richness, pathogens and low-temperature stress, in combination with nitrogen, had synergistic effects on them. Our results provide direct evidence demonstrating that both resource and non-resource niche dimensions can influence species coexistence. These findings suggest that other non-resource factors need to be taken into consideration to better predict the community assembly and control over biodiversity, particularly under the future multifaceted global change scenarios.