COBRA™: a highly potent conditionally active T cell engager engineered for the treatment of solid tumors

Conditionally active COBRA™ (COnditional Bispecific Redirected Activation) T cell engagers are engineered to overcome the limitations of inherently active first-generation T cell engagers, which are unable to discern between tumor and healthy tissues. Designed to be administered as prodrugs, COBRAs target cell surface antigens upon administration, but engage T cells only after they are activated within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This allows COBRAs to be preferentially turned on in tumors while safely remaining inactive in healthy tissue. Here, we describe the development of the COBRA design and the characterization of these conditionally active T cell engagers. Upon administration COBRAs are engineered to bind to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and serum albumin (to extend their half-life in circulation), but are inhibited from interacting with the T cell receptor complex signaling molecule CD3. In the TME, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated linker cleavage event occurs within the COBRA construct, which rearranges the molecule, allowing it to co-engage TAAs and CD3, thereby activating T cells against the tumor. COBRAs are conditionally activated through cleavage with MMP9, and once active are highly potent, displaying sub-pM EC₅₀s in T cell killing assays. Studies in tumor-bearing mice demonstrate COBRA administration completely regresses established solid tumor xenografts. These results strongly support the further characterization of the novel COBRA design in preclinical development studies.