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Academic achievement and schizophrenia: a systematic meta-analysis
Hannah Dickson1, Emily P Hedges1,2, Shin Y Ma1
1Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Psychological Medicine
|July 21, 2020
Summary
Children with poor academic achievement face a higher risk of developing schizophrenia. This study found lower academic and math skills in youth who later developed schizophrenia, indicating potential for early risk identification.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychiatry
- Genetics
Background:
- Childhood cognitive impairments are linked to increased schizophrenia risk.
- The association between poor academic achievement and schizophrenia requires further investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare academic achievement in youth who developed schizophrenia versus those who did not.
- To examine the link between education level and adult-onset schizophrenia.
- To compare academic achievement in at-risk youth and controls.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review and random-effects meta-analyses of studies up to December 2019.
- Inclusion of data from over four million individuals.
- Meta-regression to explore effect modifiers on academic achievement.
Main Results:
- Youth who later developed schizophrenia exhibited poorer general academic (d = -0.29) and mathematics achievement (d = -0.23) by age 16.
- Individuals with schizophrenia were less likely to pursue higher education (OR = 0.49).
- Youth with psychotic-like experiences (d = -0.54) and family history (d = -0.39) showed lower academic achievement.
Conclusions:
- Routinely collected academic achievement data can identify premorbid cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia vulnerability.
- Academic performance metrics may aid in the early identification of schizophrenia risk.
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