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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Visualization of IL-22-expressing Lymphocytes Using Reporter Mice
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Interleukin-22 acts as a mitochondrial protector.

Seonghwan Hwang1, Dechun Feng1, Bin Gao1

  • 1Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Theranostics
|July 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interleukin (IL)-22 shows promise for treating liver diseases. New research reveals IL-22 protects mitochondria, aiding adaptive defense against liver injury.

Keywords:
Interleukin (IL)-22mitochondrial protector

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hepatology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Interleukin (IL)-22 is emerging as a potent therapeutic agent for diverse conditions.
  • Liver diseases represent a significant area of interest for IL-22-based therapies.
  • Understanding IL-22's mechanisms is crucial for its clinical application.

Discussion:

  • This commentary explores novel mechanistic insights into IL-22's role in liver disease treatment.
  • It highlights findings from Chen et al. in *Theranostics* regarding IL-22's protective functions.
  • The discussion focuses on IL-22's capacity to safeguard mitochondria.

Key Insights:

  • IL-22 acts as a mitochondrial protector, bolstering cellular defense mechanisms.
  • This mitochondrial protection contributes to an adaptive response against liver injury.
  • The study by Chen et al. provides critical evidence for this novel function.

Outlook:

  • Further research into IL-22's mitochondrial protective effects could unlock new therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting IL-22 pathways may offer novel treatments for liver pathologies.
  • Continued investigation is warranted to fully elucidate IL-22's therapeutic potential in hepatology.