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Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth. Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to its type. For example, the...

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Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

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Emerging Nanocellulose Technologies: Recent Developments.

¹Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|July 21, 2020

Summary

Nanocelluloses, derived from renewable biomass, offer unique properties for a sustainable society. Surface modification of cellulose nanofibrils creates new functionalities, but challenges remain for wider application.

Keywords:

cellulose nanocrystals cellulose nanofibrils cellulose nanonetworks counterion exchange nanocomposites

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Materials Chemistry

Background:

Nanocelluloses are derived from abundant, renewable plant biomass, possessing unique morphologies and surface nanostructures.
Their use, particularly CO2-accumulating nanocelluloses, is crucial for establishing a sustainable society and addressing global environmental issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential of nanocelluloses, focusing on cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs).
To investigate the surface modification of CNFs through counterion exchange for diverse functionalities.

Main Methods:

Categorization of nanocelluloses into cellulose nanonetworks, cellulose nanofibrils, and cellulose nanocrystals based on morphology.
Pretreatment of plant cellulose fibers to introduce charged groups via carboxymethylation, carboxylation, phosphorylation, and esterification.
Mechanical disintegration of pretreated fibers into aqueous dispersions of CNFs.
Stoichiometric counterion exchange of surface-charged groups with metal and alkylammonium ions.

Main Results:

Cellulose nanofibrils exhibit homogeneous widths (≈3 nm) and lengths (>500 nm) with abundant surface-charged groups.
Surface modification via counterion exchange yields nanocelluloses with hydrophobic, water-resistant, catalytic, superdeodorant, and gas-separation properties.
The introduction of diverse functional groups enables tailored material properties.

Conclusions:

Surface-charged groups on nanocelluloses are key to creating functional materials through ion exchange.
Further research is needed to overcome fundamental and application-related challenges for expanded nanocellulose use.
Nanocellulose modification holds significant promise for developing advanced sustainable materials.