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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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RNA Stability01:53

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Optimized Quantitative Assessment of Enhancer RNA Stability in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
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Quantifying epigenetic stability with minimum action paths.

Amogh Sood1, Bin Zhang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Physical Review. E
|July 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Mathematical modeling reveals how chromatin maintains distinct epigenetic states. A new analytical approach using SU(2) algebra helps understand epigenetic landscapes and bistability in gene expression.

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Computational Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Chromatin structure influences gene expression through heritable epigenetic states.
  • Histone modifications are key to maintaining these states, but their dynamics are complex.
  • Mathematical modeling offers insights into epigenetic stability and maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an analytical method for studying discrete stochastic models of chromatin epigenetic states.
  • To investigate the stability and maintenance mechanisms of epigenetic states.
  • To identify the emergence of bistability and pathways between chromatin states.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a second-quantization-based approach using SU(2) algebra representation.
  • Applied the method to a kinetic model of chromatin states with feedback loops.

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  • Utilized path-integral expressions to compute the epigenetic landscape and transition probabilities.

    • Main Results:

    • Computed the epigenetic landscape for a chromatin model.
    • Identified the emergence of bistability in chromatin states.
    • Determined the most probable paths connecting different steady states.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed analytical approach provides a robust method for studying epigenetic dynamics.
    • The findings illuminate the mechanisms underlying epigenetic state stability and gene expression control.
    • This approach is generalizable to more complex models involving transcription factors and chromatin structure.