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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
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Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood

Published on: July 11, 2019

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Clonal evolution driven by superdriver mutations.

Patrick Grossmann1, Simona Cristea2,3,4, Niko Beerenwinkel5,6

  • 1Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.

BMC Evolutionary Biology
|July 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Superdrivers, key cancer-driving genetic alterations, dominate tumor progression. Our model shows their evolutionary dynamics are crucial for tumorigenesis, influencing driver mutation accumulation.

Keywords:
Cancer progressionFitnessMutationSelectionTumorigenesisWaiting time to cancer

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VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Last Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
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VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Cancer research
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Tumors evolve through genetic alterations called drivers.
  • Superdrivers are key drivers providing significant fitness gains, initiating cancer.
  • These alterations are critical for understanding tumorigenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the evolutionary dynamics of drivers and superdrivers in tumor progression.
  • To investigate the interplay between driver and superdriver mutations.
  • To analyze the impact of superdrivers on cancer onset.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Wright-Fisher model for evolutionary dynamics.
  • Simulated tumor progression with genetic alterations.
  • Analyzed clonal expansions and waiting times for mutation accumulation.

Main Results:

  • Observed global clonal expansions of superdrivers interspersed with periodic driver expansions.
  • Found that waiting times to accumulate drivers and superdrivers can be summed.
  • Demonstrated superdriver dynamics significantly influence tumor progression.

Conclusions:

  • Superdriver dynamics play a dominant role in tumorigenesis over driver dynamics.
  • The developed model facilitates empirical and theoretical study of superdriver-driver interactions.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key to cancer research and therapeutic strategies.