High-pressure elastic properties of dolomite melt supporting carbonate-induced melting in deep upper mantle

Deeply subducted carbonates likely cause low-degree melting of the upper mantle and thus play an important role in the deep carbon cycle. However, direct seismic detection of carbonate-induced partial melts in the Earth's interior is hindered by our poor knowledge on the elastic properties of carbonate melts. Here we report the first experimentally determined sound velocity and density data on dolomite melt up to 5.9 GPa and 2046 K by in-situ ultrasonic and sink-float techniques, respectively, as well as first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of dolomite melt up to 16 GPa and 3000 K. Using our new elasticity data, the calculated V_P/V_S ratio of the deep upper mantle (∼180-330 km) with a small amount of carbonate-rich melt provides a natural explanation for the elevated V_P/V_S ratio of the upper mantle from global seismic observations, supporting the pervasive presence of a low-degree carbonate-rich partial melt (∼0.05%) that is consistent with the volatile-induced or redox-regulated initial melting in the upper mantle as argued by petrologic studies. This carbonate-rich partial melt region implies a global average carbon (C) concentration of 80-140 ppm. by weight in the deep upper mantle source region, consistent with the mantle carbon content determined from geochemical studies.