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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Structural Changes in Liquid Lithium under High Pressure.

Yu Shu1, Yoshio Kono2, Itaru Ohira2,3

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|July 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High pressure transforms liquid lithium structure. Researchers observed a shift from body-centered cubic-like to face-centered cubic-like ordering under compression, consistent with its melting curve.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • High-pressure physics

Background:

  • Understanding the structural behavior of liquid metals under extreme conditions is crucial for materials science.
  • Lithium's unique properties make it a subject of interest for various technological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the structural evolution of liquid lithium under isothermal compression.
  • To determine the pressure-induced structural transitions in liquid lithium up to 11.5 GPa.

Main Methods:

  • Multiangle energy dispersive X-ray diffraction was employed.
  • Experiments were conducted using a large-volume cupped-Drickamer-Toroidal cell.
  • Isothermal compression at 600 ± 30 K was applied.

Main Results:

  • Structure factors, s(q), of liquid lithium were determined up to 11.5 GPa.
  • A pressure-induced slope change in the first peak position of s(q) was observed around 7.5 GPa.
  • Liquid lithium exhibited a transition from bcc-like to fcc-like local ordering with increasing pressure.

Conclusions:

  • The observed structural changes indicate a pressure-driven transition in the local atomic arrangement of liquid lithium.
  • The findings are consistent with the known melting curve of lithium, suggesting a link between structural transitions and melting.
  • This study provides critical insights into the high-pressure phase behavior of liquid metals.