The downfall of the linear non-threshold model.

Area of Science:

• Radiation Biology
• Radiobiology
• Radiation Protection Science

Background:

• The linear non-threshold model (LNTM) is a foundational concept in radiation protection, extrapolating high-dose radiation effects to low doses.
• Despite its widespread acceptance and use in current policies, significant uncertainties surround the LNTM's validity at low doses.
• Recent scientific advancements have challenged the LNTM's reliability.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically evaluate the scientific basis of the linear non-threshold model (LNTM).
• To discuss emerging evidence from molecular biology, immunology, and epidemiological studies that question the LNTM.
• To advocate for a redefinition of radiation protection principles, particularly for medical applications.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent advances in molecular and evolutionary biology.
• Analysis of findings from cancer immunology research.
• Evaluation of epidemiological and animal studies concerning radiation effects.
• Discussion of alternative models, such as hormesis.

Main Results:

• Significant doubts have been raised regarding the reliability of the linear non-threshold model (LNTM).
• Alternative models, including the hormetic theory, are suggested by current evidence.
• The validity of extrapolating high-dose radiation effects to low doses is uncertain.

Conclusions:

• A redefinition of the basis for radiation protection is urgently required.
• Scientific societies and regulatory bodies must engage in a critical discussion about the LNTM.
• The implications for radiation protection in the medical field are particularly significant.