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Related Concept Videos

Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

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According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
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Resonance02:52

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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons01:03

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Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...
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Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of 1H R1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA
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Harmonizing hybridization dissonance in conservation.

Claudio S Quilodrán1,2, Juan I Montoya-Burgos3,4, Mathias Currat5,4

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. claudio.quilodran@unige.ch.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human activities drive increased species hybridization, challenging traditional species concepts. Conservation efforts must embrace hybridization as a dynamic evolutionary process, not solely a threat to biodiversity.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Conservation biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human activities have dramatically increased hybridization between historically allopatric species.
  • Hybridization presents a conceptual challenge to the biological species concept and is debated as a driver of biodiversity gain or loss.
  • Existing conservation strategies often struggle to address the complexities of hybridization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile the conflicting views on hybridization in conservation biology.
  • To propose a novel framework for conservation guidelines that incorporates human-induced hybridization.
  • To explore the potential of hybridization as a tool for adaptation and genetic diversity enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on hybridization and conservation.
  • Conceptual analysis of the species concept in relation to hybridization.
  • Development of a new perspective on conservation guidelines for hybridizing taxa.

Main Results:

  • Hybridization is an intrinsic property with dual implications for biodiversity, not a paradox.
  • Conservation biology should prioritize conservation units based on biodiversity impact rather than strict species concepts.
  • Human-induced hybridization can be a valuable tool for enhancing adaptation and combating inbreeding depression.

Conclusions:

  • Conservation guidelines must evolve to view biodiversity as a dynamic evolutionary system.
  • Hybridization, when managed appropriately, can be leveraged to protect and enhance biodiversity.
  • A novel approach to conservation is needed to effectively address human-induced hybridization.