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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
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Triglycerides serve as crucial long-term energy storage molecules in microorganisms, providing a dense source of metabolic energy. Their breakdown is mediated by lipases, which hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. Each of these components follows distinct metabolic pathways, ultimately contributing to ATP synthesis and cellular energy homeostasis.Glycerol MetabolismGlycerol, released from triglyceride hydrolysis, is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to form...
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Metabolic Messengers: ceramides.

Scott A Summers1, Bhagirath Chaurasia2, William L Holland2

  • 1Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology and the Diabetes and Metabolism Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. scott.a.summers@health.utah.edu.

Nature Metabolism
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ceramides, linked to obesity and metabolic disorders, contribute to diabetes and heart disease. Research explores their discovery, function, and potential therapeutic reduction for cardiometabolic conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Metabolic disease research
  • Cardiovascular science

Background:

  • Ceramides are metabolic byproducts accumulating in obesity and dyslipidemia.
  • Prolonged ceramide action leads to tissue dysfunction, underlying diabetes and heart disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history of ceramide research.
  • To explore ceramide discovery, mechanisms of action, and evolutionary aspects.
  • To discuss ceramide-reduction therapies for cardiometabolic disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical research on ceramides.
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms of ceramide action.
  • Examination of evolutionary pressures influencing ceramide attributes.
  • Assessment of current and potential therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Ceramides play a critical role in fuel surplus response and cellular dysfunction.
  • Understanding ceramide evolution provides insights into their biological roles.
  • Ceramide-reduction therapies show promise for treating metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Ceramides are key mediators in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases.
  • Targeting ceramide metabolism represents a viable therapeutic avenue.
  • Further research into ceramide biology may unlock novel treatment strategies.