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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
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Exploring the Maternal and Infant Oral Microbiomes: A Pilot Study.

Irene Yang1, Yi-Juan Hu, Elizabeth J Corwin

  • 1Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing (Drs Yang and Dunlop), and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health (Dr Hu), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York City, New York (Dr Corwin).

The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing
|July 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Early life oral microbiome development is crucial. This study characterized maternal and infant oral bacteria, finding significant differences between mothers and infants, but no link to maternal gum health or infant feeding/birth methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Oral Health
  • Maternal-Infant Health

Background:

  • Establishing good oral health early is vital for long-term oral and overall well-being.
  • The oral microbiome plays a critical role in health and disease.
  • Understanding the maternal and infant oral microbiome is essential for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize and compare maternal and newborn oral microbiota in mother-infant pairs.
  • To investigate associations between maternal oral microbiome diversity and demographic/behavioral factors.
  • To explore relationships between maternal gingival status, birth mode, feeding mode, and oral microbiomes.

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory study involving 34 pregnant African American women and their infants (1-3 months old).
  • Oral samples collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
  • Microbiota analysis using the Human Oral Microbiome Database, including alpha and beta diversity metrics.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences observed in overall maternal and infant oral microbiomes (alpha and beta diversity).
  • Maternal gingival status did not differentiate maternal or infant oral microbiome diversity.
  • No association found between birth/feeding mode and infant oral microbiome; Megasphaera micronuciformis was the sole infant periodontal pathogen detected.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides an initial description of maternal and infant oral microbiomes.
  • The perinatal period is a key opportunity for oral health interventions by healthcare providers.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand maternal-infant oral microbiome dynamics and their health implications.