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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Optoelectronic Devices for Vision Restoration.

Victor Wang1, Ajay E Kuriyan2,3

  • 1University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.

Current Ophthalmology Reports
|July 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review updates optoelectronic device research, noting Argus II

Keywords:
ArgusBionic Vision AustraliaOptoEpiretOptoelectronic devicesPRIMAretinal implants

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmic medical devices
  • Retinal prostheses
  • Neuroprosthetics

Background:

  • The development of optoelectronic devices aims to restore vision in patients with retinal degenerative diseases.
  • Ongoing research focuses on improving device safety, efficacy, and visual acuity.
  • Various approaches, including subretinal, suprachoroidal, and cortical implants, are being investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on the latest research in optoelectronic devices for vision restoration.
  • To highlight key studies, including their benefits and limitations.
  • To discuss the current status of clinical trials and future directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on optoelectronic vision devices.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data and follow-up studies.
  • Comparison of different implantable device types and their technological approaches.

Main Results:

  • The Argus II retinal implant demonstrated long-term safety over a five-year follow-up period.
  • Subretinal implants may experience displacement due to lack of tack fixation.
  • Newer devices like PRIMA and Bionic Vision Australia's suprachoroidal implant are in clinical trials, showing initial safety and potential for vision improvement.
  • The Orion cortical stimulation device is also undergoing clinical trials for safety assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Optoelectronic devices differ in their image acquisition methods, impacting their susceptibility to ocular media opacities and eye movement integration.
  • Achieving high visual acuity involves more than just electrode density, necessitating innovative approaches in device design.
  • Continued research and clinical trials are crucial for advancing the field of vision prostheses.