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Related Concept Videos

Kinematic Equations for Rotation01:30

Kinematic Equations for Rotation

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In mechanics, when one observes a rigid body in rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, it is possible to establish equations for its rotational kinematics. This process resembles how linear kinematics are dealt with in simpler motion studies.
For instance, imagine a point A on a rigid body engaged in circular motion. The translational velocity of this particular point can be calculated by taking the time derivatives of the displacement equation, which essentially measures the...
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The second kinematic equation expresses the final position of an object in terms of its initial position, the distance traveled with the initial constant velocity, and the distance traveled due to a change in velocity. Similar to the first kinematic equation, this equation is also only valid when the acceleration is constant throughout the motion of an object.
Suppose a car merges into freeway traffic on a 200 m long ramp. If its initial velocity is 10 m/s and it accelerates at 2 m/s2, then the...
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The first two kinematic equations have time as a variable, but the third kinematic equation is independent of time. This equation expresses final velocity as a function of the acceleration and distance over which it acts. The fourth kinematic equation does not have an acceleration term and provides the final position of the object at time t in terms of the initial and final velocities. This equation is useful when the value of the constant acceleration is unknown.
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Kinematic Equations - I01:26

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When an object moves with constant acceleration, the velocity of the object changes at a constant rate throughout the motion. The kinematic equations of motions are derived for such cases where the acceleration of the object is constant. The first kinematic equation gives an insight into the relationship between velocity, acceleration, and time. We can see, for example:
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Relative Motion Analysis - Acceleration01:10

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A slider-crank mechanism converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider. The movement of the slider-crank is an example of general plane motion as the fluctuating angle between the crank and the connecting rod. Consider a segment AB where point A is at the end of the slider and point B is on the diametrically opposite end to point A, on a crack. The variance in...
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When analyzing one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration, the problem-solving strategy involves identifying the known quantities and choosing the appropriate kinematic equations to solve for the unknowns. Either one or two kinematic equations are needed to solve for the unknowns, depending on the known and unknown quantities. Generally, the number of equations required is the same as the number of unknown quantities in the given example. Two-body pursuit problems always require two...
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Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
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Kinematic Sequence Classification and the Relationship to Pitching Limb Torques.

Donna Moxley Scarborough, Shannon E Linderman1, Javier E Sanchez1

  • 1Sports Medicine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
|July 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The proximal-to-distal kinematic sequence (KS) in baseball pitchers reduces shoulder and elbow stress, but the distal upper extremity sequence is more common and generates higher torques. This KS classification system can guide injury prevention strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Baseball Performance Analysis

Background:

  • The kinematic sequence (KS) is crucial for efficient energy transfer and segmental velocity development in baseball pitching.
  • Understanding the KS can reveal insights into body segment control and identify potential injury risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel four-category Kinematic Sequence Classification System for baseball pitchers.
  • To compare elbow and shoulder torques and shoulder distraction forces across different KS categories during fastball pitches.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty baseball pitchers underwent 3D biomechanical pitch analyses of 249 fastball pitches.
  • Pitcher kinematic sequences were categorized into four groups based on the timing of peak angular velocity.
  • Elbow and shoulder torques, along with shoulder distraction forces, were calculated and compared across categories using linear mixed models.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in average elbow valgus torques were found across KS categories (P = 0.023).
  • The distal upper extremity (DUE) group exhibited greater elbow valgus torques (73.99 ± 20.84 N·m) compared to the proximal-to-distal (PDS) group (61.35 ± 16.79 N·m) (P = 0.006).
  • Shoulder external rotation torques also showed significant differences across the KS categories (P = 0.033).

Conclusions:

  • The PDS kinematic sequence, observed in only 12% of pitches, demonstrated reduced mechanical stress on the shoulder and elbow.
  • The more common DUE kinematic sequence generated the highest elbow valgus and shoulder external rotation torques.
  • The KS classification system can serve as a valuable tool for coaches and clinicians to identify high-stress pitching mechanics and inform injury prevention strategies.