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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Temperature Effects on Li Nucleation at Cu/LiPON Interfaces.

Munekazu Motoyama1, Masaharu Hirota1, Takayuki Yamamoto1

  • 1Department of Materials Design Innovation Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603 Japan.

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Summary

Increasing temperature enhances lithium (Li) nucleation on copper/lithium phosphorus oxynitride (Cu/LiPON) interfaces by increasing Li adatom/ion diffusivity. This leads to lower nucleation overpotential and critical nucleus size, crucial for solid-state battery development.

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Li adatomsLi nucleationLiPONinterface diffusionsolid-state battery

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Batteries

Background:

  • Understanding lithium nucleation is critical for the performance and safety of solid-state batteries.
  • The copper/lithium phosphorus oxynitride (Cu/LiPON) interface is a key component in many solid-state lithium battery designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of temperature on lithium nucleation dynamics at the Cu/LiPON interface.
  • To quantify the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters governing lithium nucleation as a function of temperature.

Main Methods:

  • Galvanostatic lithium plating on LiPON glass electrolytes at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 100 °C.
  • Analysis of voltage profiles to identify lithium nucleation events, overpotential, and nucleation density.

Main Results:

  • Lithium nucleation was observed immediately upon plating initiation across all tested temperatures.
  • Both nucleation overpotential and number density decreased with increasing temperature.
  • Critical nucleation area expanded with rising temperature, indicating enhanced interfacial diffusion.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated temperatures promote lithium nucleation by increasing the interfacial diffusivity of lithium adatoms/ions.
  • The activation energy for interfacial diffusion (51 kJ mol⁻¹) is comparable to Li⁺ conduction in LiPON, highlighting its rate-limiting role.
  • These findings offer insights for optimizing solid-state battery operating temperatures.