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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Vascular Function and Physical Capacity in Cardiovascular Disease Through Novel Interventions and NIRS Technology
Published on: March 22, 2024
Characterizing near-infrared spectroscopy signal under hypercapnia
Ho-Ching Shawn Yang1, Zhenhu Liang1,2, Nicole L Vike3
1Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Abstract:
Vasoactive stress tests (i.e. hypercapnia, elevated partial pressure of arterial CO2 [PaCO2 ]) are commonly used in functional MRI (fMRI), to induce cerebral blood flow changes and expose hidden perfusion deficits in the brain. Compared with fMRI, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an alternative low-cost, real-time, and non-invasive tool, which can be applied in out-of-hospital settings. To develop and optimize vasoactive stress tests for NIRS, several hypercapnia-induced tasks were tested using concurrent-NIRS/fMRI on healthy subjects. The results indicated that the cerebral and extracerebral reactivity to elevated PaCO2 depended on the rate of the CO2 increase. A steep increase resulted in different cerebral and extracerebral reactivities, leading to unpredictable NIRS measurements compared with fMRI. However, a ramped increase, induced by ramped-CO2 inhalation or breath-holding tasks, induced synchronized cerebral, and extracerebral reactivities, resulting in consistent NIRS and fMRI measurements. These results demonstrate that only tasks that increase PaCO2 gradually can produce reliable NIRS results.
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