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Related Concept Videos

Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
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Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

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Menstruation: science and society.

Hilary O D Critchley1, Elnur Babayev2, Serdar E Bulun2

  • 1Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|July 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding basic uterine and menstrual physiology is crucial for women's health. Research gaps in menstruation science hinder personalized care and insights into other diseases.

Keywords:
abnormal uterine bleedingadenomyosisendometriumfibroidsmenstrual healthmicrobiomepelvic health menstrual effluentperiod povertystem cellstissue engineeringuterus

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology and medicine
  • Gynecologic health research
  • Translational science in women's health

Background:

  • Menstrual health is integral to overall well-being for millions of women globally.
  • Underrepresentation of women's health in research, particularly reproductive health, limits understanding of uterine and menstrual physiology.
  • Menstruation is a monthly physiological process with significant physical, mental, and social impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify knowledge gaps and research opportunities in menstruation science.
  • To raise awareness of the need for enhanced research in menstrual and uterine physiology.
  • To foster a deeper mechanistic understanding of menstruation and its related disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Convened a "Menstruation: Science and Society" meeting with experts from diverse fields.
  • Reviewed current state-of-the-art and future visions in endometrial biology, stem cells, and tissue engineering.
  • Incorporated patient perspectives and discussed societal challenges in health literacy and dissemination.

Main Results:

  • Detailed the basic processes of menstruation, including progesterone withdrawal and stem cell roles in regeneration.
  • Highlighted knowledge gaps in understanding dysregulation leading to abnormal uterine bleeding, adenomyosis, endometriosis, and fibroids.
  • Addressed clinical challenges in diagnostics, treatment, and patient education for menstruation-related disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced understanding of menstruation can yield insights into vascular function regulation and other diseases.
  • Advances in basic science and translational medicine are essential for personalized gynecologic care.
  • Global momentum is increasing for menstrual health and hygiene initiatives, addressing issues like period poverty and menstrual equity.