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Decrease in Ambient Fine Particulate Matter during COVID-19 Crisis and Corresponding Health Benefits in Seoul, Korea.

Changwoo Han1, Yun-Chul Hong2,3,4

  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|July 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 measures significantly reduced fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Seoul, Korea. This reduction, along with respirator use, is estimated to have saved 37 lives by lowering air pollution exposure.

Keywords:
COVID-19Koreahealth burdenlockdownmortalityparticulate matter

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Air Quality Science

Background:

  • Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Seoul is influenced by domestic emissions and transboundary pollution.
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) control measures, including lockdowns and social distancing, potentially reduced PM2.5 levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the acute health benefits of PM2.5 reduction in Seoul during the COVID-19 crisis.
  • To assess the impact of public behavior changes, such as respirator use, on PM2.5 exposure and mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized publicly available data on Seoul residents, mortality, and air pollution (2016-2020).
  • Employed attributable fraction methods and relative risks from time-series studies to estimate PM2.5-related mortality.
  • Calculated avoided mortalities due to PM2.5 reduction and respirator use in 2020.

Main Results:

  • Seoul experienced its lowest average PM2.5 concentration from January to April in 2020 (25.6 μg/m³).
  • A significant reduction in ambient PM2.5 of at least -4.1 μg/m³ was observed in 2020 compared to the preceding four years.
  • Estimated mortalities avoided in 2020 due to PM2.5 reduction included 37.6 non-accidental, 7.0 cardiovascular, and 4.7 respiratory deaths.

Conclusions:

  • PM2.5 reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic yielded substantial acute health benefits in Seoul.
  • The use of particulate-filtering respirators likely amplified the health benefits, potentially saving over 100 lives.
  • Further research using daily mortality data is recommended to validate these findings.