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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Senescence and Host-Pathogen Interactions.

Daniel Humphreys1, Mohamed ElGhazaly1, Teresa Frisan2,3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.

Cells
|July 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cellular senescence, a protective cell cycle arrest, can be exploited by pathogens. While it defends against cancer and infection, aging increases senescent cells, aiding pathogen invasion and age-related diseases.

Keywords:
DNA damagebacterial genotoxinscancermicrobial replicationsenescencetissue microenvironmentviral and bacterial infections

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest triggered by genomic damage, acting as a defense against cancer and viral infections.
  • Accumulated damage during aging increases senescent cells, contributing to chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, thus increasing susceptibility to infections.
  • Pathogens exploit host vulnerabilities, including those associated with aging and cellular senescence, to establish infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging role of cellular senescence in host-pathogen interactions.
  • To discuss how pathogens exploit aging cells and target senescence for their own benefit.
  • To highlight the dual role of senescence as both an innate defense and a target for pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cellular senescence and host-pathogen interactions.
  • Analysis of mechanisms by which pathogens induce or exploit senescence.
  • Examination of the link between pathogen-induced senescence and age-related diseases.

Main Results:

  • Pathogens can hijack cellular senescence, using senescence-inducing toxins to promote infection.
  • Persistent induction of senescence by pathogens contributes to age-related pathologies like cancer.
  • Senescence presents a dichotomous role: an innate defense mechanism that can be exploited by pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular senescence plays a complex role in infection, acting as a double-edged sword.
  • Understanding senescence exploitation by pathogens is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting senescence pathways may offer novel approaches to combat infectious diseases and age-related pathologies.