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Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Skeletal Muscle.

Antimo Moretti1, Marco Paoletta1, Sara Liguori1

  • 1Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.

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Summary

Choline plays a vital role in skeletal muscle health, influencing fat metabolism, protein balance, and inflammation. This review clarifies its biological effects and clinical relevance for muscle function.

Keywords:
autophagycholineinflammationmuscle fatmuscle performancemuscle proteinreviewskeletal musclestriated musclevitamin B complex

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Muscle Physiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Choline is an essential micronutrient vital for liver, neurological, and hematological homeostasis.
  • While often used to enhance physical performance, choline's specific effects on skeletal muscle remain incompletely understood.
  • This review aims to clarify choline's role in skeletal muscle biology and clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review on the biological effects and clinical implications of choline in skeletal muscle.
  • To synthesize current research on choline's influence on muscle physiology.

Main Methods:

  • A technical expert panel (TEP) conducted a scoping review following the PRISMA-ScR model.
  • Literature search on PubMed using "choline" (MeSH term), "skeletal muscle", and "muscle striated".
  • Inclusion of studies from the last 30 years, including in vitro, animal, and clinical research.

Main Results:

  • 1239 studies were initially identified, with 14 ultimately included in the review.
  • The included studies comprised 3 in vitro, 9 animal, and 2 clinical investigations.
  • Key findings highlight choline's impact on muscle fat metabolism, protein homeostasis, and inflammatory/autophagy pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Choline significantly modulates skeletal muscle's fat metabolism.
  • It plays a crucial role in maintaining muscle protein homeostasis.
  • Choline influences inflammatory responses and autophagy within muscle tissue.