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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Perception01:17

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

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The ideal auricular protrusion - An interactive perceptual pilot study.

Niels Christian Pausch1, Tabea Pankow1, Bernd Lethaus1

  • 1Department of Oral, Craniomaxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery (Head: Prof. Dr. Dr. Bernd Lethaus), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Leipzig, Germany.

Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery
|July 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Public perception of ear protrusion varies by sex. An ideal ear protrusion angle for aesthetic appearance is around 22°, with less protrusion preferred for females. Corrective ear surgery aims for this unobtrusive alignment.

Keywords:
Auriculocephalic angleEar protrusionFace perceptionProminaurisSex

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Aesthetic Medicine
  • Facial Aesthetics

Background:

  • Excessive ear protrusion (prominauris) can impact facial appearance.
  • The ideal auriculocephalic angle for surgical intervention remains controversial.
  • Current surgical planning often assumes angles over 30° require correction, lacking public perception data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess public perception of varying degrees of ear protrusion.
  • To determine aesthetic preferences for ear protrusion angles in relation to evaluator and model sex.
  • To establish a target angle for corrective ear surgery based on aesthetic perception.

Main Methods:

  • An interactive panel survey was conducted with 44 dental medicine students (22 male, 22 female).
  • Evaluators assessed digitally altered images of male and female models with ear protrusions ranging from 0° to 90°.
  • Attractiveness of auricular appearance was the primary outcome, analyzed against evaluator sex, model sex, and protrusion angle.

Main Results:

  • Attractiveness ratings showed sexual dimorphism, with different perceptions for male and female models.
  • Male evaluators preferred closer-fitting ears on female models (18° ± 9.38°) and male models (30° ± 7.94°).
  • Negative aesthetic impact began at 42° (female clone) and 54° (male clone); ideal protrusion was perceived as 21-24° for both sexes.

Conclusions:

  • Ear appearance perception is influenced by the sex of both the evaluator and the individual depicted.
  • Less prominent ears are generally preferred, with greater acceptance of protrusion in males compared to females.
  • A target angle of approximately 22° is recommended for corrective ear surgery to achieve desirable aesthetic results.