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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

1.0K
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
1.0K
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

1.5K
A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Intrinsically Disordered Protein Dynamics Through NMR Relaxation Experiments
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Measuring transverse relaxation in highly paramagnetic systems.

Michele Invernici1,2, Inês B Trindade3, Francesca Cantini1,2

  • 1Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.

Journal of Biomolecular NMR
|July 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new NMR method, R2-weighted HSQC-AP, to overcome limitations in studying paramagnetic metalloproteins. The technique reduces the "blind sphere" effect, enabling detection of previously unobservable signals and providing crucial structural data.

Keywords:
Iron sulfur proteinsNMR based structural restraintsParamagnetic NMRParamagnetic relaxation enhancementPulse sequencesTransverse relaxation

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Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement (PRE) is vital for protein structure and dynamics.
  • A major limitation is the 'blind sphere' effect, where signals near paramagnetic centers are lost.
  • This hinders understanding of metalloprotein active sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel NMR experiment to reduce the blind sphere in PRE studies.
  • To enable detection of signals normally broadened beyond detection.
  • To improve structural characterization of paramagnetic metalloproteins.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a novel R2-weighted HSQC-AP NMR experiment.
  • Detection of signals previously undetectable by conventional HSQC.
  • Measurement of reliable 1H R2 rates (50–400 s−1).

Main Results:

  • The R2-weighted HSQC-AP experiment significantly contracts the blind sphere.
  • It increases the number of detectable PRE signals across various molecules and paramagnetic centers.
  • Demonstrated successful application on PioC protein with a 4Fe-4S cluster.

Conclusions:

  • The R2-weighted HSQC-AP method effectively overcomes blind sphere limitations in PRE.
  • It allows for detailed structural analysis of metal-coordinating residues.
  • This advances the study of paramagnetic metalloproteins and their functions.