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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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Immunopathogenesis of alphaviruses.

Victoria K Baxter1, Mark T Heise2

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.

Advances in Virus Research
|July 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Alphaviruses cause significant joint and neurological issues, often due to immune responses, not direct viral damage. Understanding this immunopathogenesis is key for developing new treatments for these reemerging diseases.

Keywords:
AlphavirusChikungunya virusImmune responseImmunopathogenesisPathogenesisSindbis virus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Alphaviruses are reemerging threats due to expanding mosquito vectors.
  • They cause distinct syndromes: Old World alphaviruses (chikungunya, Ross River, Sindbis) cause fever, rash, and arthritis, while New World alphaviruses (Venezuelan equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis) induce encephalomyelitis.
  • Chronic joint and neurological complications persist long after acute infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of alphavirus immunopathogenesis.
  • To highlight the immune system's role in disease pathology, especially chronic manifestations.
  • To inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human case data.
  • Analysis of experimental animal models, particularly mice.
  • Synthesis of existing literature on alphavirus infection and immune response.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests immune-mediated mechanisms drive much of the pathology, including chronic and atypical disease.
  • The immune system plays a significant role in the long-term complications of alphavirus infections.
  • Distinction between arthritogenic (Old World) and neurotropic (New World) alphavirus disease mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The immune system is a critical factor in alphavirus-induced disease and pathology.
  • Targeting immune responses is essential for developing effective therapies beyond supportive care.
  • Further research into immunopathogenesis is crucial for managing reemerging alphavirus threats.